Bangun, O. 2025. A, AI-Based Adaptive Learning Mo “AI-Based Adaptive Learning Model to Enhance Students’ Self-Directed Learning in Higher Education”: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Personalized Learning Approach. BiCED Proceeding. 3, 1 (Dec. 2025), 128–132. DOI:https://doi.org/10.30983/biced.v3i1.808.